Tungsten was discovered in 1781 and it belongs to refractory metals. Tungsten and its alloys are widely used for its properties of high melting point, density, strength in high temperature and hardness . It developed rapidly in industrial production and it becomes an important and irreplaceable strategic raw material.

---

Physical Properties of Tungsten

Atomic number	74
Stable isotope and content of W %	180 (0.14); 182 (26.41); 183 (14.4); 184 (30.64); 186 (28.41)
Relative atomic mass	183.86
Debye temperature/K	450
Density/g.cm-3	α-W:19.246~19.256; β-W:18.9
Melting Point/K	3683 ± 20
Boiling Point/K	5973 ± 200
Critical Temperature/K	23000
Latent heat of fusion/KJ·mol-1	40.13 ± 6.67
Heat of sublimation (25°C)/ KJ·mol-1	847.8
Linear expansivity (298 ~ 2273 K) Bar made by powder metallurgy Sheet made by powder metallurgy Sheet made by electric arc melting	-8.69 x 10-3 + 3.83 x 10-4T + 7.92 x 10-8T2 -4.58 x 10-3 + 3.65 x 10-4T + 9.81 x 10-8T2 -6.76 x 10-3 + 3.91 x 10-4T + 8.98 x 10-8T2
Electron work function/eV	4.5

Mechanical Properties of Tungsten

Property	Figure
Bulk modulus/Pa	3.108 x 1011 - 1.759 x 107T + 0.344 x 103T2
Shear modulus/Pa	1.603 x 1011 - 1.456 x 107T + 3.28 x 103T2
Modulus of Elasticity/Gpa	390
Vickers hardness HV
Slight deformation > 1.0mm sheet, wire	3000 ~ 5000
Big deformation < 1.0mm sheet, wire	5000 ~ 7000
Recrystallization	3600
Tensile strength/MPa
Slight deformation > 1.0mm sheet, wire	980 ~ 1750
Big deformation < 1.0mm sheet, wire	1470 ~ 1960
Recrystallization	980 ~ 1190